RESUMEN
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To halt the pandemic, multiple SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been developed and several have been allowed for emergency use and rollout worldwide. With novel SARS-CoV-2 variants emerging and circulating widely, whether the original vaccines that were designed based on the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 were effective against these variants has been a contentious discussion. Moreover, some studies revealed the long-term changes of immune responses post SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination and the factors that might impact the vaccine-induced immunity. Thus, in this review, we have summarized the influence of mutational hotspots on the vaccine efficacy and characteristics of variants of interest and concern. We have also discussed the reasons that might result in discrepancies in the efficacy of different vaccines estimated in different trials. Furthermore, we provided an overview of the duration of immune responses after natural infection or vaccination and shed light on the factors that may affect the immunity induced by the vaccines, such as special disease conditions, sex, and pre-existing immunity, with the aim of aiding in combating COVID-19 and distributing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines under the prevalence of diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra la COVID-19/uso terapéutico , COVID-19/prevención & control , Humanos , Inmunogenicidad Vacunal , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2/genética , VacunaciónRESUMEN
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging virus that is highly pathogenic and has caused the recent worldwide pandemic officially named coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Currently, considerable efforts have been put into developing effective and safe drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines, such as inactivated vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines, and vector vaccines, have already entered clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the experimental and clinical data obtained from recent SARS-CoV-2 vaccines trials, and highlight certain potential safety issues that require consideration when developing vaccines. Furthermore, we summarize several strategies utilized in the development of vaccines against other infectious viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), with the aim of aiding in the design of effective therapeutic approaches against SARS-CoV-2.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antivirales/biosíntesis , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Pandemias/prevención & control , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/genética , Neumonía Viral/prevención & control , Receptores Virales/genética , Vacunas Virales/biosíntesis , Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2 , Betacoronavirus/efectos de los fármacos , Betacoronavirus/inmunología , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidad , COVID-19 , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Infecciones por Coronavirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Esquemas de Inmunización , Inmunogenicidad Vacunal , Coronavirus del Síndrome Respiratorio de Oriente Medio/efectos de los fármacos , Coronavirus del Síndrome Respiratorio de Oriente Medio/inmunología , Coronavirus del Síndrome Respiratorio de Oriente Medio/patogenicidad , Seguridad del Paciente , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/metabolismo , Neumonía Viral/inmunología , Neumonía Viral/virología , Unión Proteica , Receptores Virales/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptores Virales/metabolismo , Coronavirus Relacionado al Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo/efectos de los fármacos , Coronavirus Relacionado al Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo/inmunología , Coronavirus Relacionado al Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo/patogenicidad , SARS-CoV-2 , Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave/inmunología , Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave/prevención & control , Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave/virología , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/genética , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/metabolismo , Vacunas Atenuadas , Vacunas de ADN , Vacunas de Subunidad , Vacunas de Partículas Similares a Virus , Vacunas Virales/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
The world is currently experiencing a global pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes severe respiratory disease similar to SARS. Previous studies have suggested that SARS-CoV-2 shares 79% and 96% sequence identity to SARS-CoV and to bat coronavirus RaTG13, respectively, at the whole-genome level. Furthermore, a series of studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 induces clusters of severe respiratory illnesses (i.e., pneumonia, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome) resembling SARS-CoV. Moreover, the pathological syndrome may, in part, be caused by cytokine storms and dysregulated immune responses. Thus, in this work the recent literature surrounding the biology, clinical manifestations, and immunology of SARS-CoV-2 is summarized, with the aim of aiding prevention, diagnosis, and treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection.